The geodesy collection contains 1,800 objects spanning the years 1585 – 2010. These are instruments or aids manufactured or used in geodesy in our country. The collection's base consists of 250 geodetic instruments that were donated to the museum by František Fiala, the founder of the geodesy collection. Another important act was the purchase of nine Renaissance instruments from the Strozzi collection at the Muller auction in Amsterdam in 1911. The largest acquisition was from the Geodesy Department of the Czech Technical University in the 1970s when the geodesy collection increased by 250 instruments.

The core of the collection consists of instruments of measurement (theodolites, tachymetric and surveyor's instruments, rangefinders), cartographic and photogrammetric aids. The collection’s unique objects includes Heinich Stolle’s theodolites from 1610 that are among the oldest preserved theodolites in the world, a Jacob's staff and aids from the workshop of Erasmus Habermel from around the turn of the 17th century. The collection also features some original designs of instruments by professors of the Prague Technical University of the 19th and 20th century. The etalon of a Viennese fathom from 1956 that was created based on Theresian patents with the aim to unify the measurements used in the Hapsburg monarchy.

The collection includes celestial and terrestrial globes as well as globes of the Moon and Mars. The oldest item is a star globe by W. J. Blaeu from 1603. There is also a valuable trio consisting of a celestial and terrestrial globe and an armillary sphere from the 18th centrury. The work of Jan Felkl, whose manufacture was based in Prague and Roztoky between 1850 – 1952, is an important part of the collection. The collection contains some curiosities, i. e. a 'blind' globe that served for testing the knowledge of students.

Precise theodolites from the Wild company that had been used since the 1930s in the Czechoslovak trigonometric network and for astronomic measurements are represented in the geodesy collection. There is also in the collection one type of circumzenithal instrument (from 1967), an original Czech instrument used for determining latitude and longitude and a GPS navigation device.